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Tissue residue is the concentration of a chemical or compound in an organism’s tissue, or a portion of an organism’s tissue.〔McCarty, L. and D. MacKay. 1993. Enhancing ecotoxicological modeling and assessment. Environmental Science and Technology 27 (9): 1719-1728.〕 Tissue residue is used in aquatic toxicology to help determine the fate of chemicals in aquatic systems, bioaccumulation of a substance, bioavailability of a substance, account for multiple routes of exposure (ingestion, absorption, inhalation), and address an organism’s exposure to chemical mixtures.〔Tissue-Based Criteria for “Bioaccumulative” Chemicals.http://www.epa.gov/scipoly/sap/meetings/2008/october/aquatic_life_criteria_guidelines_tissue_08_26_05.pdf U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2005〕 A Tissue residue approach to toxicity testing is considered a more direct and less variable measure of chemical exposure and is less dependent on external environmental factors than measuring the concentration of a chemical in the exposure media.〔McElroy, A.E., M.G. Barron, N. Beckvar, S.B. K. Driscoll, J.P. Meador, T.F. Parkerton, T.G. Preuss, and J.A. Steevens. 2011. A review of the tissue residue approach for organic and organometallic compounds in aquatic organisms. Integrated environmental assessment and management 7 (1): 50-74.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ieam.132/abstract.〕 In general, tissue residue approaches are used for chemicals that bioaccumulate or for bioaccumulative chemicals.〔 The majority of these substances are organic compounds that are not easily metabolized by organisms and have long environmental persistence. Examples of these chemicals include: polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, furans, biphenyls, DDT and its metabolites, and dieldrin.〔 The use of tissue residues in assessing toxicity and bioaccumulation may also be referred to as the tissue residue-effects approach (TRA), critical body residue (CBR) or tissue residue-based toxicity tests.〔 == History == Historically, aquatic toxicology toxicity tests have focused on water-based approaches where concentration of a toxicant is determined by its concentration in the water.〔 Although tissue residue use and concepts have existed for over 100 years due to interest in narcosis and anesthesia, it was not widely used in toxicology.〔 The first known study of tissue residue in environmental toxicology was reported in 1912 by White and Thomas who investigated the effects of copper exposure to fish using whole-body copper concentrations.〔McCarty, L.S., P.F. Landrum, S.N. Luoma, J.P. Meador, A.A. Merten, B.K. Shephard and A.P. van Wezel. 2011. Advancing environmental toxicology through chemical dosimetry: External exposures versus tissue residues. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 7 (1): 7-27.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ieam.98/abstract〕 Since the 1980s, there has been rapid growth in the tissue residue approach to toxicology.〔 The water-based approach has been re-evaluated due to challenges in assessing the toxicity of bioaccumulating chemicals.〔 Water-based approaches are not always an accurate estimation of the concentration of a bioaccumulating chemical in an organism, nor does the water-based approach incorporate the multiple routes of exposure of an organism to a toxicant and the additive effects across these routes.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tissue residue」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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